Palabras clave
obesidad
tejido adiposo
Adipocitos blancos, beige y pardos
El TAP y la obesidad en humanos
tejido adiposo
Adipocitos blancos, beige y pardos
El TAP y la obesidad en humanos
Cómo citar
Orrego M, A. (2017). La activación inmune del tejido adiposo pardo y sus efectos sobre la obesidad. Revista Colombiana De Endocrinología, Diabetes &Amp; Metabolismo, 4(4), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.53853/encr.4.4.147
Resumen
Introducción
Según las últimas estadísticas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la prevalencia mundial de obesidad, definida por la fórmula índice de masa corporal (IMC) >30kg/m2, se ha duplicado desde 1980 y al menos 2,8 millones de personas mueren cada año como consecuencia de la obesidad. Se espera que estas cifras aumenten en la próxima década. La obesidad trae como complicaciones, hipertensión, dislipidemia y resistencia a la insulina.
Como consecuencia de estas asociaciones se presentan enfermedades de las arterias coronarias, ateroesclerosis, hígado graso, diabetes tipo 2, cáncer y enfermedades degenerativas(1). Se sabe que el sistema inmune juega un papel esencial en la patogénesis de la obesidad. En los últimos años se está investigando intensamente con el fin de detectar los factores patogenéticos involucrados en la relación de la inmunidad con la obesidad y en esa forma poder descubrir procedimientos nuevos en la terapia de esta entidad. Recientemente, se descubrió que la activación del tejido adiposo pardo y del beige producía un aumento del consumo de energía, pérdida de grasa y disminución de la inflamación del tejido adiposo(2).
Como interesante se ha puesto en evidencia que el funcionamiento del tejido adiposo pardo (TAP) y el beige están sujetos a regulación inmune(3-6), hecho que obliga a investigar nuevos conocimientos.
Citas
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2. Yoneshiro T, Aita Mat sushita M, Kayahara T, et al.Recruited Brown adipose tissue as an atiobesity agent in humans. J Clin Invest. 2013;123 (8): 3404- 3048.
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4. Lee M-W, Odegaard JL, Mukundan I, et al. Activated type 2 innate linphoid cells regulate beige bage fat biogenesis. Cell 2015: 160( 1-2): 74-87.
5. Qiu Y, Nguyen KD, Odegaard JL, et al. Eosinophils and type 2 cytokine signaling in macrophage orchestrate development of functional beige fat. Cells; 2014; 157 (4) 1292-1308.
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9. Van MarkenLichtbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, et al. Cold- activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J. Med. 2009; 360(15): 1500-1508.
10. Smith R. Thermoregulatory and adaptive behavior of brown adipose tissue. Science 1964; 146 (3652); 1686-1689.
11. De Jong JMA, Larsson O, Cannon B, et al. AStringent Validation of mouse adipose tissue identity markers . Am J PhysiolEndocrinolMetab. 2015; 308 (12) E 1085-E1105.
12. Nakamura K, Morrison SF. A Thermosensory pathway that controls body temperature. Nat Neurosci. 2007; 11 (1) 62-71.
13. Morrison SF, Nakamura K, Madden CJ. Central of thermogenesis in mammals. Exp Physiology. 2007; 11(1): 62-71.
14. Lowell BB, Spiegelman BM. Towards a molecular understanding of adaptive thermogenesis. Nature. 2000; 84 (1) 277-359.
15. Cannon B, NedergaardJ.Brown adipose tissue function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 2004; 84(1): 277-359.
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17. Cao W,Daniel KW, Robidoux , et al. p38 mitogen-activated protein Kinase is the central regulator of cyclic AMP-dependent transcription of the brown uncoupling protein I gene. Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 24(7): 3057-3067.
18. Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM, Perixome proliferator-activated receptor- gama coactivator 1? (PGC-1 ?). Transcriptional coactivator an metabolic regulator. Endocr Rev. 2003; 24 (1): 78-90.
19. Lidell ME, Enerback S. Brown adipose tissue- a new rol in humans?Nat Rev Endicrinal. 2010; 6(6):319-325.
20. Timmons JA, Wenmaln K, Larsson O, et al. Miogenic gene expression signature establishes that brown and white adipocytes origin from distint cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad. Sci USA. 2007; 104(11): 4401-4406.
21. Liu W, Shan T, Yang X, et al. A heterogeneous lineage origin underlies the phenotypic and molecular difference of white and beige adipocytes. J Cell Sci. 2013: 136 (16): 3527- 3532.
22. Granneman JG, Li P, Zhu Z, et al . Metabolic an cellular plasticity in white adipose tissue I: effects of beta 3- adrenergic receptor activation. Am J Physiology EndocrinolMetab. 2005; 289 (4): E608- E616.
23. Barbatelly G, Murano I, Madsen L, et al. The emergence of cold-induced brown adipose in white to brown adipocyte transdifferentiation. An J PhisiolEndocrinolMetab. 2010;298 (6): E1244-E1253.
24. Cinti S. Adipocite differentiation and transdifferentiation plasticity of the adipose organ. J Endocrinol Invent. 2014; 25 (10): 15(4): 480-491.
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26. Shimizu I, Aprahamian T, Kikuchi R, et al. Vascular faction rarefaction mediate whitening of brown fat in obesity. J Clin Invest. 2014; 124 (5): 2099- 2112.
27. Hung C-M, CalejmanCM , Sanchez-Gurmaches J, et al. Rictor /mTORC2 loss in the Myf5 lineage reprograms brown metabolism and protects mice against obesity and metabolic disease. Cell Reports . 2014: 8(1): 256-271.
28. Kooijman S, van den Berg R, Ramkisoensing A, et al. Prolonged daily light exposure increase body, fat mass trough attenuation of brown adipose tissue activity. Proc NatlSci USA. 2015, 112(21): 748-653.
29. SaitoM,Okamasu- Ogura Y, Matsushita M, et al. High incidence of metabolicactive brown adipose tissue in healthy adults humans: effects of cold exposure and adipocity. Diabetes.2009; 58(7): 1536-1531.
30. Chondronikola M, Volpi E, Borshein E, et al.Brown adipose tissue improves whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes. 2014; 63 (12): 4089-4099.
31. Lee P, Smith S,Linderman J, et al. Temperature- acclimated brown adipose tissue modulates insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes. 2014; 63(11): 3686-3698.
32. Taky , RA, Ishai A, Truong QA, et al. Supraclavicular brown adipose 18F- FDG uptake and cardiovascular disease. J Nucl Med. 2016; 57(8): 1221-1225.
33. Boon MR, Kooijman S, van Dam AD, et al. Peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor bloocadeactivatival brown adipose tissue and dimishes dyslipidemia and obesity. FASEBJ. 2014: 28(12): 5361-5378.
34. Kooijman S, Wang Y, Parlevliet , et al. Central GLP-1 receptor signaling accelerates plasma clearance of triacylglycerol and glucose by activating brown adipose tissue in mice. Diabetologia.2015; 58 (11): 2637-2646.
35. Guigas B, Molofsky AB. A worm of one´s own: how helmints modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism trends. Parasitol. 2015:31 (9): 435- 441.
36. Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. A Role for brown adipose tissue in diet inducide thermogenesis. Nature. 1979; 821 (5726): 31-35
37. Giordano A, Frontini A, Cinti S, et al. Convertible visceral fatt as a therapeutic target to curb obesity.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15(6): 405-424.
38. Varga T, Czimmerer Z, Nagy L. PPARs are a unique set of fatty acid regulate transcription factor controlling both lipid metabolism andinflmation. Bio- chimBiophysActa. 2011;1812:1007-1022.
2. Yoneshiro T, Aita Mat sushita M, Kayahara T, et al.Recruited Brown adipose tissue as an atiobesity agent in humans. J Clin Invest. 2013;123 (8): 3404- 3048.
3. Nguyen KD, Qiu Y, Cui X, et al.Alternatinatively activated macrophages produce catcholamines to sustain adaptive thermogenesis. Nature. 2011;480 (7375): 104-108.
4. Lee M-W, Odegaard JL, Mukundan I, et al. Activated type 2 innate linphoid cells regulate beige bage fat biogenesis. Cell 2015: 160( 1-2): 74-87.
5. Qiu Y, Nguyen KD, Odegaard JL, et al. Eosinophils and type 2 cytokine signaling in macrophage orchestrate development of functional beige fat. Cells; 2014; 157 (4) 1292-1308.
6. Brestoff Jr, Kim BS, Saenz A, et al. Group 2 innate linfoid promote beiging of white adipose and limit obesity. Nature. 2014; 519 (7542): 242-246.
7. Warwick PM, Bulsby R. Influence of mild cold on 24 h energy expenditure in“normally” clothed adults. Br Nutr 2007; 63 (3): 481- 488)
8. Ivanov KP. Phisiologicalblocking of the mechanism of cold death: theoretical and experimental considerations. J Therm Biol. 2000; 25(6): 467-479.
9. Van MarkenLichtbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, et al. Cold- activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J. Med. 2009; 360(15): 1500-1508.
10. Smith R. Thermoregulatory and adaptive behavior of brown adipose tissue. Science 1964; 146 (3652); 1686-1689.
11. De Jong JMA, Larsson O, Cannon B, et al. AStringent Validation of mouse adipose tissue identity markers . Am J PhysiolEndocrinolMetab. 2015; 308 (12) E 1085-E1105.
12. Nakamura K, Morrison SF. A Thermosensory pathway that controls body temperature. Nat Neurosci. 2007; 11 (1) 62-71.
13. Morrison SF, Nakamura K, Madden CJ. Central of thermogenesis in mammals. Exp Physiology. 2007; 11(1): 62-71.
14. Lowell BB, Spiegelman BM. Towards a molecular understanding of adaptive thermogenesis. Nature. 2000; 84 (1) 277-359.
15. Cannon B, NedergaardJ.Brown adipose tissue function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 2004; 84(1): 277-359.
16. VanMarker, Lichtbelt W. Brown adipose tissue and the regulation of non- shivering thermogenesis. CurrOpinClinNutr Metabolism Care. 2012; 15(6): 547-552.
17. Cao W,Daniel KW, Robidoux , et al. p38 mitogen-activated protein Kinase is the central regulator of cyclic AMP-dependent transcription of the brown uncoupling protein I gene. Mol Cell Biol. 2004; 24(7): 3057-3067.
18. Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM, Perixome proliferator-activated receptor- gama coactivator 1? (PGC-1 ?). Transcriptional coactivator an metabolic regulator. Endocr Rev. 2003; 24 (1): 78-90.
19. Lidell ME, Enerback S. Brown adipose tissue- a new rol in humans?Nat Rev Endicrinal. 2010; 6(6):319-325.
20. Timmons JA, Wenmaln K, Larsson O, et al. Miogenic gene expression signature establishes that brown and white adipocytes origin from distint cell lineage. Proc Natl Acad. Sci USA. 2007; 104(11): 4401-4406.
21. Liu W, Shan T, Yang X, et al. A heterogeneous lineage origin underlies the phenotypic and molecular difference of white and beige adipocytes. J Cell Sci. 2013: 136 (16): 3527- 3532.
22. Granneman JG, Li P, Zhu Z, et al . Metabolic an cellular plasticity in white adipose tissue I: effects of beta 3- adrenergic receptor activation. Am J Physiology EndocrinolMetab. 2005; 289 (4): E608- E616.
23. Barbatelly G, Murano I, Madsen L, et al. The emergence of cold-induced brown adipose in white to brown adipocyte transdifferentiation. An J PhisiolEndocrinolMetab. 2010;298 (6): E1244-E1253.
24. Cinti S. Adipocite differentiation and transdifferentiation plasticity of the adipose organ. J Endocrinol Invent. 2014; 25 (10): 15(4): 480-491.
25. Van den Berg, Andrea D van Dam, et al.Immune modulatorior of brown (ing) adipose tisue in obesity.Endocr Rev; 2017: 38: 46-68.
26. Shimizu I, Aprahamian T, Kikuchi R, et al. Vascular faction rarefaction mediate whitening of brown fat in obesity. J Clin Invest. 2014; 124 (5): 2099- 2112.
27. Hung C-M, CalejmanCM , Sanchez-Gurmaches J, et al. Rictor /mTORC2 loss in the Myf5 lineage reprograms brown metabolism and protects mice against obesity and metabolic disease. Cell Reports . 2014: 8(1): 256-271.
28. Kooijman S, van den Berg R, Ramkisoensing A, et al. Prolonged daily light exposure increase body, fat mass trough attenuation of brown adipose tissue activity. Proc NatlSci USA. 2015, 112(21): 748-653.
29. SaitoM,Okamasu- Ogura Y, Matsushita M, et al. High incidence of metabolicactive brown adipose tissue in healthy adults humans: effects of cold exposure and adipocity. Diabetes.2009; 58(7): 1536-1531.
30. Chondronikola M, Volpi E, Borshein E, et al.Brown adipose tissue improves whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes. 2014; 63 (12): 4089-4099.
31. Lee P, Smith S,Linderman J, et al. Temperature- acclimated brown adipose tissue modulates insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes. 2014; 63(11): 3686-3698.
32. Taky , RA, Ishai A, Truong QA, et al. Supraclavicular brown adipose 18F- FDG uptake and cardiovascular disease. J Nucl Med. 2016; 57(8): 1221-1225.
33. Boon MR, Kooijman S, van Dam AD, et al. Peripheral cannabinoid 1 receptor bloocadeactivatival brown adipose tissue and dimishes dyslipidemia and obesity. FASEBJ. 2014: 28(12): 5361-5378.
34. Kooijman S, Wang Y, Parlevliet , et al. Central GLP-1 receptor signaling accelerates plasma clearance of triacylglycerol and glucose by activating brown adipose tissue in mice. Diabetologia.2015; 58 (11): 2637-2646.
35. Guigas B, Molofsky AB. A worm of one´s own: how helmints modulate host adipose tissue function and metabolism trends. Parasitol. 2015:31 (9): 435- 441.
36. Rothwell NJ, Stock MJ. A Role for brown adipose tissue in diet inducide thermogenesis. Nature. 1979; 821 (5726): 31-35
37. Giordano A, Frontini A, Cinti S, et al. Convertible visceral fatt as a therapeutic target to curb obesity.Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2016;15(6): 405-424.
38. Varga T, Czimmerer Z, Nagy L. PPARs are a unique set of fatty acid regulate transcription factor controlling both lipid metabolism andinflmation. Bio- chimBiophysActa. 2011;1812:1007-1022.
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