Abstract
Background: Technology has revolutionized the approach to managing patients diagnosed with diabetes. It has traditionally been divided into proximal and distal. Proximal technology comprises three areas: insulin delivery, glucose monitoring, and insulin delivery systems that respond to glucose.
Purpose: To conduct a narrative review that supports the decision on the patient profile that best fits each type of proximal technology.
Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted by searching scientific articles in Medline between 2015 and 2023.
Results: 99 articles were selected. The most recommended patient profiles are described to select the technology that best fits their characteristics.
Conclusions: Achieving glucose control without hypoglycemia in diabetes is a goal that technology brings us closer to. However, costs limit its generalization, so it is necessary to know the profile of each patient to select the most appropriate technological tool for each case.
References
Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119
Tauschmann M, Hovorka R. Technology in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus-current status and future prospects. Nature Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(8):464-75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-018-0044-y
Ramírez-Rincón A, Tovar-Cortés H, Builes-Montaño CE, Gómez Medina AM, Marín Sánchez A, Henao Carrillo DC, et al. Tecnología en Endocrinología: tiempos, conceptos e implementación. Rev Colomb Endocrinol Diabet Metab. 2021;8(1):e702. https://doi.org/10.53853/encr.8.1.702
Elsayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, Bannuru RR, Brown FM, Bruemmer D, et al. 7. Diabetes Technology: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(supl. 1):S111-27. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-S007
Kovatchev B. Diabetes technology: Monitoring, analytics, and optimal control. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2019;9(6):1-16. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a034389
Snaith JR, Holmes-Walker DJ. Technologies in the management of type 1 diabetes. Med J Aust. 2021;214(5):202-5.e1. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50946
Giani E, Scaramuzza AE, Zuccotti GV. Impact of new technologies on diabetes care. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(8):999-1004. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i8.999
Eiland L, McLarney M, Thangavelu T, Drincic A. App-based insulin calculators: current and future state. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(11):123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-018-1097-y
Hirsch IB, Parkin CG. Unknown safety and efficacy of smartphone bolus calculator apps puts patients at risk for severe adverse outcomes. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016;10(4):977-80. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296815626457
Quevedo Rodríguez A, Wägner AM. Mobile phone applications for diabetes management: A systematic review. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019;66(5):330-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2018.11.005
Araujo Montanari V, Lima Gabbay MA, Atala Dib S. Comparison of three insulin bolus calculators to increase time in range of glycemia in a group of poorly controlled adults Type 1 diabetes in a Brazilian public health service. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2022;14(1):129. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-022-00903-z
Secher AL, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Svendsen OL, Gade-Rasmussen B, Almdal T, Raimond L, et al. Flash glucose monitoring and automated bolus calculation in type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections: a 26 week randomised, controlled, multicentre trial. Diabetologia. 2021;64(12):2713-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05555-8
Dovc K, Battelino T. Evolution of diabetes technology. Endocrinol Metabol Clin North Amer. 2020;49(1):1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.10.009
Gómez-Medina AM, Yepes-Cortés CA, Duarte-Osorio A, Henao-Carrillo D, Jaramillo-Parra P, Stephens-Leal I, et al. Consenso para el uso de monitoreo de glucosa flash en la población adulta colombiana con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y 2. Acta Méd Col. 2022;47(2). https://doi.org/10.36104/amc.2022.2239
Cheng AYY, Feig DS, Ho J, Siemens R. Blood Glucose monitoring in adults and children with diabetes: update 2021. Can J Diabetes. 2021;45(7):580-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.07.003
Whitehead L, Glass C, Coppell K. The effectiveness of goal setting on glycaemic control for people with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Adv Nurs. 2022;78(5):1212-27. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15084
Skeie S, Kristensen GB, Carlsen S, Sandberg S. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 1 diabetes patients with insufficient metabolic control: focused self-monitoring of blood glucose intervention can lower glycated hemoglobin A1C. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2009;3(1):83-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300109
Miller KM, Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Goland RS, Haller MJ, McGill JB, et al. Evidence of a strong association between frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels in T1D exchange clinic registry participants. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(7):2009-14. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1770
Weinstock R, Aleppo G, Bailey T, Bergenstal R, Fisher W, Greenwood D, et al. The role of blood glucose monitoring in diabetes management. ADA Clin Compendia. 2020;2020(3). https://doi.org/10.2337/db2020-31
Zahid M, Dowlatshahi S, Kansara AH, Sadhu AR. The evolution of diabetes technology - options towards personalized care. Endocr Pract. 2023;29(8):653-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eprac.2023.04.007
Klonoff DC, Ahn D, Drincic A. Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of the technology and clinical use. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;133:178-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.08.005
Lin R, Brown F, James S, Jones J, Ekinci E. Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of the evidence in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med. 2021;38(5). https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14528
Fonseca VA, Grunberger G, Anhalt H, Bailey TS, Blevins T, Garg SK, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring: A consensus conference of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(8):1008-21. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP161392.CS
Coronel-Restrepo N, Ramirez-Rincón A, Palacio A, Delgado MR, Botero JF. Interpretación del monitoreo continuo de glucosa: una visión práctica. Rev Colomb Endocrinol Diabet Metab. 2023;10(1):e764. https://doi.org/10.53853/encr.10.1.764
Davis GM, Galindo RJ, Migdal AL, Umpierrez GE. Diabetes technology in the inpatient setting for management of hyperglycemia. Endocrinol Metabol Clin North Amer. 2020;49(1):79-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.11.002
Galindo RJ, Aleppo G. Continuous glucose monitoring: The achievement of 100 years of innovation in diabetes technology. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;170:108502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108502
Ji L, Guo L, Zhang J, Li Y, Chen Z. Multicenter evaluation study comparing a new factory-calibrated real-time continuous glucose monitoring system to existing flash glucose monitoring system. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2023;17(1):208-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968211037991
Peyser T. Analysis of “multicenter evaluation study comparing a new factory-calibrated real-time continuous glucose monitoring system to existing flash glucose monitoring system”. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2023;17(1):214-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968211046026
Longo R, Sperling S. Personal versus professional continuous glucose monitoring: When to use which on whom. Diabetes Spectrum. 2019;32(3):183-93. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds18-0093
Edelman SV, Argento NB, Pettus J, Hirsch IB. Clinical implications of real-time and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(11):2265-74. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1150
Adolfsson P, Parkin CG, Thomas A, Krinelke LG. Selecting the appropriate continuous glucose monitoring system-a practical approach. Eur Endocrinol. 2018;14(1):24-9. https://doi.org/10.17925/EE.2018.14.1.24
Yoo JH, Kim JH. Advances in continuous glucose monitoring and integrated devices for management of diabetes with insulin-based therapy: improvement in glycemic control. Diabetes Metabol J. 2023;47(1):27-41. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0271
Beck RW, Riddlesworth T, Ruedy K, Ahmann A, Bergenstal R, Haller S, et al. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes using insulin injections the diamond randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317(4):371-8. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19975
Dicembrini I, Cosentino C, Monami M, Mannucci E, Pala L. Effects of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Diabetol. 2021;58(4):401-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01589-3
Beck RW, Riddlesworth TD, Ruedy K, Ahmann A, Haller S, Kruger D, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring versus usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving multiple daily insulin injections. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(6):365-74. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2855
Krakauer M, Botero JF, Lavalle-González FJ, Proietti A, Barbieri DE. A review of flash glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metabol Syndr. 2021;13(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-021-00654-3
Castorino K, Polsky S, O'Malley G, Levister C, Nelson K, Farfan C, et al. Performance of the dexcom g6 continuous glucose monitoring system in pregnant women with diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22(12):943-7. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2020.0085
Roze S, Isitt JJ, Smith-Palmer J, Lynch P. Evaluation of the long-term cost-effectiveness of the dexcom g6 continuous glucose monitor versus self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with type 1 diabetes in Canada. Clin Econ Outcomes Res. 2021;13:717-25. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S304395
Jiao Y, Lin R, Hua X, Churilov L, Gaca MJ, James S, et al. A systematic review: cost-effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring compared to self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metabol. 2022;5(6):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/edm2.369
Reaven PD, Newell M, Rivas S, Zhou X, Norman GJ, Zhou JJ. Initiation of continuous glucose monitoring is linked to improved glycemic control and fewer clinical events in type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the veterans health administration. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(4):854-63. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-2189
Wright Jr EE, Kerr MS, Reyes IJ, Nabutovsky Y, Miller E. Use of flash continuous glucose monitoring is associated with A1C reduction in people with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin or noninsulin therapy. Diabetes Spectr. 2021;34(2):184-9. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds20-0069
Cowart K, Updike WH, Franks R. Continuous glucose monitoring in persons with type 2 diabetes not using insulin. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2021;18(11):1049-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/17434440.2021.1992274
Beck RW, Bergenstal RM, Laffel LM, Pickup JC. Advances in technology for management of type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2019;394(10205):1265-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31142-0
Abraham SB, Arunachalam S, Zhong A, Agrawal P, Cohen O, McMahon CM. Improved Real-World Glycemic Control With Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Predictive Alerts. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021;15(1):91-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296819859334
Hásková A, Radovnická L, Petruželková L, Parkin CG, Grunberger G, Horová E, et al. Real-time CGM is superior to flash glucose monitoring for glucose control in type 1 diabetes: The CORRIDA randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):2744-50. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-0112
Visser MM, Charleer S, Fieuws S, De Block C, Hilbrands R, Van Huffel L, et al. Effect of switching from intermittently scanned to real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes: 24-month results from the randomised ALERTT1 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(2):96-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00352-7
Bailey TS, Grunberger G, Bode BW, Handelsman Y, Hirsch IB, Jovanovi? L, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology 2016 outpatient glucose monitoring consensus statement. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(2):231-61. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP151124.CS
Yeoh E, Png D, Khoo J, Chee YJ, Sharda P, Low S, et al. A head-to-head comparison between Guardian Connect and FreeStyle Libre systems and an evaluation of user acceptability of sensors in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes/Metabol Res Rev. 2022;38(7):e3560. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3560
Garg SK, Liljenquist D, Bode B, Christiansen MP, Bailey TS, Brazg RL, et al. Evaluation of accuracy and safety of the next-generation up to 180-day long-term implantable eversense continuous glucose monitoring system: the PROMISE study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022;24(2):84-92. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2021.0182
Jafri RZ, Balliro CA, El-Khatib F, Maheno MM, Hillard MA, O'Donovan A, et al. A three-way accuracy comparison of the Dexcom G5, Abbott Freestyle Libre Pro, and Senseonics Eversense continuous glucose monitoring devices in a home-use study of subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22(11):846-52. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2019.0449
Di Molfetta S, Caruso I, Cignarelli A, Natalicchio A, Perrini S, Laviola L, et al. Professional continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes, Obes Metabol. 2023:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14981
Rivera-Ávila DA, Esquivel-Lu AI, Salazar-Lozano CR, Jones K, Doubova SV. The effects of professional continuous glucose monitoring as an adjuvant educational tool for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Endocr Disord. 2021;21(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-021-00742-5
Simonson GD, Bergenstal RM, Johnson ML, Davidson JL, Martens TW. Effect of professional CGM (pCGM) on glucose management in type 2 diabetes patients in primary care. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021;15(3):539-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296821998724
Gallieni M, De Salvo C, Lunati ME, Rossi A, D'Addio F, Pastore I, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes on hemodialysis. Acta Diabetol. 2021;58(8):975-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-021-01699-6
McCall AL, Lieb DC, Gianchandani R, MacMaster H, Maynard GA, Murad MH, et al. Management of individuals with diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2023;108(3):529-62. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac596
Jackson MA, Ahmann A, Shah VN. Type 2 diabetes and the use of real-time continuous glucose monitoring. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2021;23(S1):S27-34. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2021.0007
Martens TW. Continuous glucose monitoring in primary care - are we there? Curr Op Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2022;29(1):10-6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000689
Aronson R, Brown RE, Chu L, Bajaj HS, Khandwala H, Abitbol A, et al. Impact of flash glucose monitoring in people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with non-insulin antihyperglycaemic therapy (IMMEDIATE): A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metabol. 2023;25(4):1024-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14949
Moon SJ, Kim KS, Lee WJ, Lee MY, Vigersky R, Park CY. Efficacy of intermittent short-term use of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in non-insulin–treated patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metabol. 2023;25(1):110-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14852
Torres Roldan VD, Urtecho M, Nayfeh T, Firwana M, Muthusamy K, Hasan B, et al. A systematic review supporting the Endocrine Society Guidelines: management of diabetes and high risk of hypoglycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2023;108(3):592-603. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac601
Ling J, Ng JKC, Chan JCN, Chow E. Use of continuous glucose monitoring in the assessment and management of patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.869899
Bomholt T, Kofod D, Nørgaard K, Rossing P, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Hornum M. Can the use of continuous glucose monitoring improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes receiving dialysis? Nephron. 2023;147(2):91-6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000525676
Wang Z, Wang J, Kahkoska AR, Buse JB, Gu Z. Developing insulin delivery devices with glucose- responsiveness. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2021;42(1):31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.002
Khan AM, Alswat KA. Benefits of using the i-Port system on insulin-treated patients. Diabetes Spectr. 2019;32(1):30-5. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds18-0015
Farsaei S, Radfar M, Heydari Z, Abbasi F, Qorbani M. Insulin adherence in patients with diabetes: risk factors for injection omission. Prim Care Diabetes. 2014;8(4):338-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2014.03.001
Blevins T, Schwartz SL, Bode B, Aronoff S, Baker C, Kimball KT, et al. A study assessing an injection port for administration of insulin. Diabetes Spectr. 2008;21(3):197-202. https://doi.org/10.2337/diaspect.21.3.197
Medtronic. I-port advance. Medtronic. https://www.medtronic-diabetes.com/es-ES/accesorios/i-port-advance-puerto-de-inyeccion
Hanas R, Adolfsson P, Elfvin-Åkesson K, Hammarén L, Ilvered R, Jansson I, et al. Indwelling catheters used from the onset of diabetes decrease injection pain and pre-injection anxiety. J Pediatr. 2002;140(3):315-20. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.122470
Al Hayek AA, Robert AA, Al Dawish MA. Efficacy of i-Port Advance system on patients satisfaction and glycemic control among patients with type 1 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Diabetes Metabol Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2021;15(3):747-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.028
Riley D, Raup GH. Impact of a subcutaneous injection device on improving patient care. Nurs Manag. 2010;41(6):49-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000381743.17905.62
Bailey TS, Stone JY. A novel pen-based Bluetooth-enabled insulin delivery system with insulin dose tracking and advice. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2017;14(5):697-703. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2017.1313831
Gildon BW. InPen Smart Insulin Pen System: Product Review and User Experience. Diabetes Spectr. 2018;31(4):354-8. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds18-0011
Heinemann L, Schnell O, Gehr B, Schloot NC, Görgens SW, Görgen C. Digital diabetes management: a literature review of smart insulin pens. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022;16(3):587-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820983863
Adolfsson P, Hartvig NV, Kaas A, Bech Møller J, Hellman J. Increased time in range and fewer missed bolus injections after introduction of a smart connected insulin pen. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2020;22(10):709-18. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2019.0411
Kompala T, Neinstein AB. Smart insulin pens: advancing digital transformation and a connected diabetes care ecosystem. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022;16(3):596-604. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820984490
Sy SL, Munshi MM, Toschi E. Can smart pens help improve diabetes management? J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022;16(3):628-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820965600
Cranston I, Jamdade V, Liao B, Newson RS. Clinical, economic, and patient-reported benefits of connected insulin pen systems: a systematic literature review. Adv Ther. 2023;40:2015-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-023-02478-1
Cziraky MJ, Abbott S, Nguyen M, Larholt K, Apgar E, Wasser T, et al. A pragmatic clinical trial to compare the real-world effectiveness of v-go versus standard delivery of insulin in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes. J Health Econ Outcomes Res. 2019;6(2):70-83. https://doi.org/10.36469/9731
Bergenstal RM, Johnson ML, Aroda VR, Brazg RL, Dreon DM, Frias JP, et al. Comparing patch vs pen bolus insulin delivery in type 2 diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring metrics and profiles. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2022;16(5):1167-73. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968211016513
Holt RIG, DeVries H, Hess-Fischl A, Hirsch IB, Kirkman S, Klupa T, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults: a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in 2021. Diabetologia. 2021;64(12):2609-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-021-05568-3
Jahn LG, Capurro JJ, Levy BL. Comparative dose accuracy of durable and patch insulin infusion pumps. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2013;7(4):1011-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/193229681300700425
Bosi E, Choudhary P, de Valk HW, Lablanche S, Castañeda J, de Portu S, et al. Efficacy and safety of suspend-before-low insulin pump technology in hypoglycaemia-prone adults with type 1 diabetes (SMILE): an open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(6):462-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30150-0
Reznik Y, Cohen O, Aronson R, Conget I, Runzis S, Castaneda J, et al. Insulin pump treatment compared with multiple daily injections for treatment of type 2 diabetes (OpT2mise): A randomised open-label controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9950):1265-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61037-0
Cohen O, Filetti S, Castañeda J, Maranghi M, Glandt M. When intensive insulin therapy (MDi) fails in patients with type 2 diabetes: Switching to GLP-1 receptor agonist versus insulin pump. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:S180-6. https://doi.org/10.2337/dcS15-3029
Freckmann G, Buck S, Waldenmaier D, Kulzer B, Schnell O, Gelchsheimer U, et al. Insulin pump therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence, current barriers, and new technologies. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2021;15(4):901-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820928100
Pickup JC, Reznik Y, Sutton AJ. Glycemic control during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily insulin injections in type 2 diabetes: Individual patient Data meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(5):715-22. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-2201
Kravarusic J, Aleppo G. Diabetes technology use in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Endocrinol Metabol Clin North Amer. 2020;49(1):37-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.10.006
Chatziravdeli V, Lambrou GI, Samartzi A, Kotsalas N, Vlachou E, Komninos J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily injections in type-2 diabetes. Medicina. 2023;59(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59010141
Peters AL, Ahmann AJ, Battelino T, Evert A, Hirsch IB, Murad MH, et al. Diabetes technology-continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and continuous glucose monitoring in adults: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2016;101(11):3922-37. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2534
Phillip M, Nimri R, Bergenstal RM, Barnard-Kelly K, Danne T, Hovorka R, et al. Consensus recommendations for the use of automated insulin delivery technologies in clinical practice. Endocr Rev. 2023;44(2):254-80. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnac022
McAuley SA, Lee MH, Paldus B, Vogrin S, de Bock MI, Abraham MB, et al. Six months of hybrid closed-loop versus manual insulin delivery with fingerprick blood glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(12):3024-33. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1447
Bergenstal RM, Nimri R, Beck RW, Criego A, Laffel L, Schatz D, et al. A comparison of two hybrid closed-loop systems in adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes (FLAIR): a multicentre, randomised, crossover trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10270):208-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32514-9
Grassi B, Gómez AM, Calliari LE, Franco D, Raggio M, Riera F, et al. Real-world performance of the MiniMed 780G advanced hybrid closed loop system in Latin America: Substantial improvement in glycaemic control with each technology iteration of the MiniMed automated insulin delivery system. Diabetes Obes Metabol. 2023;25(6):1688-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.15023
Maurizi AR, Suraci C, Pitocco D, Schiaffini R, Tubili C, Morviducci L, et al. Position statement on the management of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII): The Italian Lazio experience. J Diabetes. 2016;8(1):41-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12321
Sora ND, Shashpal F, Bond EA, Jenkins AJ. Insulin pumps: review of technological advancement in diabetes management. Am J Med Sci. 2019;358(5):326-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjms.2019.08.008
Moreno-Fernandez J, Chico A, Martínez-Brocca MA, Beato-Víbora PI, Vidal M, Piedra M, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients: results from the Spanish National Registry. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022;24(12):898-906. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2022.0207
Berget C, Messer LH, Forlenza GP. A clinical overview of insulin pump therapy for the management of diabetes: Past, present, and future of intensive therapy. Diabetes Spectr. 2019;32(3):194-204. https://doi.org/10.2337/ds18-0091
Jendle JH, Rawshani A, Svensson AM, Avdic T, Gudbjörnsdóttir S. Indications for insulin pump therapy in type 1 diabetes and associations with glycemic control. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016;10(5):1027-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296816650209
Pozzilli P, Battelino T, Danne T, Hovorka R, Jarosz-Chobot P, Renard E. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetes: patient populations, safety, efficacy, and pharmacoeconomics. Diabetes/Metabol Res Rev. 2016;32:21-39. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2653
Lal RA, Leelarathna L. Insulin delivery hardware: pumps and pens. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2023;25:S30-43. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2023.2503
Botero JF, Vásquez LM, Blanco VM, Cuesta DP, Ramírez-Rincón A, Bedoya J, et al. The effectiveness of a comprehensive diabetes program for glycemic control and adherence, and the selection of candidates for sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2021;68(10):735-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.endinu.2020.11.006
Kesavadev J, Saboo B, Krishna MB, Krishnan G. Evolution of insulin delivery devices: from syringes, pens, and pumps to diy artificial pancreas. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(6):1251-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-020-00831-z
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Colombiana de Endocrinología, Diabetes & Metabolismo