Keywords
diabetes mellitus tipo 1
diabetes
diabetes
How to Cite
Universidad Javeriana, P., & Gómez Medina, A. M. (2017). Guía de Práctica Clínica (GPC) para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en la población mayor de 15 años. Revista Colombiana De Endocrinología, Diabetes &Amp; Metabolismo, 3(2), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.53853/encr.3.2.29
Abstract
Introducción
La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad que suele aparecer tempranamente, lo cual implica que los pacientes convivan con ella durante muchos años. Del adecuado control clínico que se logre dependerán los resultados. Como se trata de una condición con potenciales complicaciones serias, es imperativo tener claridad sobre su diagnóstico, su tratamiento y su seguimiento, para minimizar su impacto en la morbilidad, la calidad de vida y la mortalidad.
El diagnóstico es relativamente claro en niños y adolescentes, pero, a medida que se avanza en edad, se debe diferenciar entre la presencia de diabetes tipo 1 y la de tipo 2, pues el enfoque terapéutico es diferente y la falta de reconocimiento oportuno puede ocasionar un mal manejo.
Por otra parte, es necesario que se genere un consenso para establecer la forma como estos pacientes deben ser evaluados periódicamente, lo cual no solo debe poner de manifiesto el intervalo en el que debe hacerse, sino también, el equipo humano que debe participar en dicho seguimiento.
References
1. American Diabetes Association (ADA). Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013. Diabetes Care [internet]. 2013;(Suppl 1):S11-66.
2. Eisenbarth GS, Buse JB. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. En: Melmed S, Polonsky K, Larsen R, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology, 12th ed. Philadephia: Elsevier; 2011. Capítulo 32.
3. Dabelea D, Pihoker C, Talton JW, et al. Etiological approach to characterization of diabetes type: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1628.
4. Silink M. Childhood diabetes: a global perspective. Horm Res. 2002;(Suppl 1):1.
5. Yang Z, Wang K, Li T, et al. Childhood diabetes in China. Enormous variation by place and ethnic group. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:525.
6. Plotnick LP, Klingensmith GJ, Silverstein JH, et al. Diabetes mellitus. En: Kappy MS, Allen DB, Geffner ME (Eds.). Principles and practice of pediatric endocrinology. Springfield: Charles CT; 2005. p. 635.
7. Bell RA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Beyer JW, et al. Diabetes in non-Hispanic white youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;(Suppl 2):S102.
8. Dabelea D, Bell RA, Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group, et al. Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297:2716.
9. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977.
10. The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Kidney Int. 1995;47:1703.
11. The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:561.
12. Turner R, Stratton I. UK prospective diabetes study group .UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxyl- ase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 1997;350:1288-93.
13. Zimmet PZ, Tuomi T. Latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA): the role of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in diagnosis and prediction of insulin dependency. Diabet Med. 1994;11:299-303.
14. Klingensmith GJ, Pyle L, Arslanian S, et al. The presence of GAD and IA-2 antibodies in youth with a type 2 diabetes phenotype: results from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33:1970.
15. Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, et al. Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:159.
16. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:401-6.
17. Manual de GRADE Profiler.
18. Singh S, Ahmad F, Lal A, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin analogues for the management of diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Can Med.
2009;180:385-97.
19. Care P, Group M, Consortium E. Health care models for treatment and management of diabetes. Journel Fam Pract. 2011;60.
20. Bratcher C.R, Bello E. Traditional or centralized models of diabetes care: the multidisciplinary diabetes team approach. J Fam Pract [Internet].
2011 Nov;60 (11 Suppl):S6–11. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/22336928
21. Mehta S.N, Wolfsdorf J.I. Contemporary management of patients with type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd; 2010
Sep [cited 2014 Aug 11];39(3):573–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20723821
22. Hoffman R.P. Practical management of type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescent patients: challenges and goals. Treat Endocrinol [Internet].
2004 Jan;3(1):27–39. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/15743111
23. Australia. Craig ME, Twigg SM, Donaghue KC, Cheung NW. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, National Evidence-Based Clinical Care Guidelines for Type 1 Diabetes in Children , Adolescents and Adults. Canberra 2011. [Internet]. Available From http://scholar.google. com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:National+EvidenceBased+Clinical+Care+Guidelines+for+Type+1+Diabetes+in+Children,+Adolescent s+and+Adults#0
24. Betts P.R, Jefferson I.G, Swift P.G.F. Diabetes care in childhood and adolescence. Diabet Med [Internet]. 2002 Jul;19 Suppl 4:61–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12121340
25. Strawhacker M.T. Multidisciplinary Teaming to Promote Effective Management of Type 1 Diabetes for Adolescents. J Sch Health. 2001;71(6):213-
217.
26. Levetan C.S, Salas J.R, Wilets I.F, Zumoff B. Impact of endocrine and diabetes team consultation on hospital length of stay for patients with diabetes. Am J Med [Internet]. 1995 Jul;99(1):22–8. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7598138
27. Zgibor J.C, Songer T.J, Kelsey SF, Weissfeld J, Drash AL, Becker D, et al. The association of diabetes specialist care with health care practices and glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis from the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2000 Apr [cited 2014 Aug 11];23(4):472–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10857937
28. Tschiedel B, Vissoky G, Geremia C, Mondadoni P, Speggioni S. Organização de um Serviço de Assistência ao Paciente com Diabetes Melito Tipo 1. Arq Bras Endocrinal Metab 2008; 52/2:219-232).
29. Rodbard HW, Blonde L, Braithwaite SS, Brett EM, Cobin RH, Handelsman Y, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2007;13 Suppl 1(June):1–68.
30. Colombia. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Guía de trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Plan de Calidad para el Sistema Nacional de Salud del Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social . Agencia de Evaluación d. 2012;
31. ADA. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013. Diabetes Care [Inter- net]. 2013 Jan [cited 2014 Jul 9];36 Suppl 1(October 2012):S11–66. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid= 3537269&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
32. The diabetes control and complications trial research group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1993 Sep 30 [cited 2014 Jul 22];329(14):977–86. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366922
33. Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2015 Jan 2];37 Suppl 1(October
2013):S14–80. Available from: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hlen&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Standards+of+medical+care+in+diabetes--2014.#0
34. Freckmann G, Schmid C, Baumstark A, Pleus S, Link M, Haug C. System accuracy evaluation of 43 blood glucose monitoring systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose according to DIN EN ISO 15197. J Diabetes Sci Technol [Internet]. 2012 Sep [cited 2014 Sep 29];6(5):1060–75. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3570840&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
35. Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2015 Jan 2];36 Suppl 1(October
2012):S11–66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537269/
36. Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, Apovian CM, Clark NG, Franz MJ, et al. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31 Suppl 1:S61–78.
37. Slama G, Klein JC, Delage A, Ardila E, Lemaignen H, Papoz L, et al. Correlation between the nature and amount of carbohydrate in meal intake and insulin delivery by the artificial pancreas in 24 insulin-dependent diabet ics. Diabetes. 1981 Feb;30(2):101–5.
38. Halfon P, Belkhadir J, Slama G. Correlation between amount of carbohydrate in mixed meals and insulin delivery by artificial pancreas in seven IDDM subjects. Diabetes Care. 1989 Jun;12(6):427–9.
39. Gillespie SJ, Kulkarni KD, Daly AE. Using carbohydrate counting in diabetes clinical practice. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998 Aug;98(8):897–905.
40. Walsh J, Roberts R. Pumping Insulin: Everything You Need for Success on an Insulin Pump. 5th ed. San Diego, CA: Torrey Pines Press; 2013. Torrey Pines Press; 5 edition; 2012.
41. Grunberger G, Abelseth JM, Bailey TS, Bode BW, Handelsman Y, Hellman R, et al. Consensus statement by the american association of clinical endocrinologists/american college of endocrinology insulin pump management task force. Endocr Pract. 2014 May;20(5):463–89.
42. White RD. Insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin inf sion). Prim Care. 2007 Dec;34(4):845–71, vii.
43. Singh S, Ahmad F, Lal A, Yu C. Efficacy and safety of insulin analogues for the management of diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Can Med … [Inter- net]. 2009 [cited 2014 Nov 18];180(4):385–97. Available from: http:// www.cmaj.ca/content/180/4/385.short
44. Rys P, Pankiewicz O, ?ach K, Kwaskowski a, Skrzekowska-Baran I, Malecki MT. Efficacy and safety comparison of rapid-acting insulin aspart and regular human insulin in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab [Internet]. Elsevier Masson SAS; 2011 Jun [cited 2014 Nov 18];37(3):190–200. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333580
45. Szypowska A, Golicki D, Groele L, Pa?kowska E. Long-acting insulin analogue detemir compared with NPH insulin in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pol Arch Med Wewn?trznej [Internet]. [cited 2014 Nov 18];121(7-8):237–46. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/21878861
46. Colombia. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Colciencias. Guía de práctica clínica: Detección temprana y diagnóstico del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente en adultos. Atención integral de los adultos con diagnóstico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente. Bogotá 2013 [cited 2014 Dec 3]; Available from: http://gpc. minsalud.gov.co/Documents/Guias-PDF-Recursos/Depresion/GPC_Com- ple_Depre.pdf
47. Korczak DJ, Pereira S, Koulajian K, Matejcek A, Giacca A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder: evidence for a biological link. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2014 Dec 5];54(10):2483–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21789690
48. Katon WJ. Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. Biol Psy- chiatry [Internet]. 2003 Aug [cited 2014 Nov 25];54(3):216–26. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322303002737
49. Gonzalez JS, Safren SA, Cagliero E, Wexler DJ, Delahanty L, Wittenberg E, et al. Depression, self-care, and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: relationships across the full range of symptom severity. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2007 Sep [cited 2014 Dec 3];30(9):2222–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17536067
50. Holt RIG, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM. Key concepts in screening for depression in people with diabetes. J Affect Disord [Internet]. Elsevier B.V.; 2012
Oct [cited 2014 Dec 3];142 Suppl:S72–9. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062860
51. Roy T, Lloyd CE, Pouwer F, Holt RIG, Sartorius N. Screening tools used for measuring depression among people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabet Med [Internet]. 2012 Feb [cited 2014 Nov 21];29(2):164–75. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21824180
52. Daneman D, Nakhla M. Moving on: transition of teens with type 1 diabetes to adult care. Diabetes Spectr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Dec 11]; Avail- able from: http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/1/14.short
53. Hanna KM, Woodward J. The transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care services. Clin Nurse Spec [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014 Dec
11];27(3):132–45. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3667405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
54. Wentholt IME, Hoekstra JBL, Devries JH. Continuous glucose monitors: the long-awaited watch dogs? Diabetes Technol Ther [Internet]. 2007 Oct [cited 2014 Nov 14];9(5):399–409. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/17931048
55. Klonoff DC. Continuous glucose monitoring: roadmap for 21st century diabetes therapy. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2005 May [cited 2014
Nov 15];28(5):1231–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15855600
2. Eisenbarth GS, Buse JB. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. En: Melmed S, Polonsky K, Larsen R, et al. Williams textbook of endocrinology, 12th ed. Philadephia: Elsevier; 2011. Capítulo 32.
3. Dabelea D, Pihoker C, Talton JW, et al. Etiological approach to characterization of diabetes type: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1628.
4. Silink M. Childhood diabetes: a global perspective. Horm Res. 2002;(Suppl 1):1.
5. Yang Z, Wang K, Li T, et al. Childhood diabetes in China. Enormous variation by place and ethnic group. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:525.
6. Plotnick LP, Klingensmith GJ, Silverstein JH, et al. Diabetes mellitus. En: Kappy MS, Allen DB, Geffner ME (Eds.). Principles and practice of pediatric endocrinology. Springfield: Charles CT; 2005. p. 635.
7. Bell RA, Mayer-Davis EJ, Beyer JW, et al. Diabetes in non-Hispanic white youth: prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2009;(Suppl 2):S102.
8. Dabelea D, Bell RA, Writing Group for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group, et al. Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297:2716.
9. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977.
10. The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Kidney Int. 1995;47:1703.
11. The Diabetes Control and Complications (DCCT) Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:561.
12. Turner R, Stratton I. UK prospective diabetes study group .UKPDS 25: autoantibodies to islet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxyl- ase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 1997;350:1288-93.
13. Zimmet PZ, Tuomi T. Latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in adults (LADA): the role of antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase in diagnosis and prediction of insulin dependency. Diabet Med. 1994;11:299-303.
14. Klingensmith GJ, Pyle L, Arslanian S, et al. The presence of GAD and IA-2 antibodies in youth with a type 2 diabetes phenotype: results from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33:1970.
15. Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, et al. Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:159.
16. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schünemann HJ, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:401-6.
17. Manual de GRADE Profiler.
18. Singh S, Ahmad F, Lal A, et al. Efficacy and safety of insulin analogues for the management of diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Can Med.
2009;180:385-97.
19. Care P, Group M, Consortium E. Health care models for treatment and management of diabetes. Journel Fam Pract. 2011;60.
20. Bratcher C.R, Bello E. Traditional or centralized models of diabetes care: the multidisciplinary diabetes team approach. J Fam Pract [Internet].
2011 Nov;60 (11 Suppl):S6–11. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/22336928
21. Mehta S.N, Wolfsdorf J.I. Contemporary management of patients with type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am [Internet]. Elsevier Ltd; 2010
Sep [cited 2014 Aug 11];39(3):573–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20723821
22. Hoffman R.P. Practical management of type 1 diabetes mellitus in adolescent patients: challenges and goals. Treat Endocrinol [Internet].
2004 Jan;3(1):27–39. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/15743111
23. Australia. Craig ME, Twigg SM, Donaghue KC, Cheung NW. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, National Evidence-Based Clinical Care Guidelines for Type 1 Diabetes in Children , Adolescents and Adults. Canberra 2011. [Internet]. Available From http://scholar.google. com/scholar?hl=en&btnG=Search&q=intitle:National+EvidenceBased+Clinical+Care+Guidelines+for+Type+1+Diabetes+in+Children,+Adolescent s+and+Adults#0
24. Betts P.R, Jefferson I.G, Swift P.G.F. Diabetes care in childhood and adolescence. Diabet Med [Internet]. 2002 Jul;19 Suppl 4:61–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12121340
25. Strawhacker M.T. Multidisciplinary Teaming to Promote Effective Management of Type 1 Diabetes for Adolescents. J Sch Health. 2001;71(6):213-
217.
26. Levetan C.S, Salas J.R, Wilets I.F, Zumoff B. Impact of endocrine and diabetes team consultation on hospital length of stay for patients with diabetes. Am J Med [Internet]. 1995 Jul;99(1):22–8. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7598138
27. Zgibor J.C, Songer T.J, Kelsey SF, Weissfeld J, Drash AL, Becker D, et al. The association of diabetes specialist care with health care practices and glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis from the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2000 Apr [cited 2014 Aug 11];23(4):472–6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10857937
28. Tschiedel B, Vissoky G, Geremia C, Mondadoni P, Speggioni S. Organização de um Serviço de Assistência ao Paciente com Diabetes Melito Tipo 1. Arq Bras Endocrinal Metab 2008; 52/2:219-232).
29. Rodbard HW, Blonde L, Braithwaite SS, Brett EM, Cobin RH, Handelsman Y, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2007;13 Suppl 1(June):1–68.
30. Colombia. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Guía de trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Plan de Calidad para el Sistema Nacional de Salud del Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social . Agencia de Evaluación d. 2012;
31. ADA. Standards of medical care in diabetes--2013. Diabetes Care [Inter- net]. 2013 Jan [cited 2014 Jul 9];36 Suppl 1(October 2012):S11–66. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid= 3537269&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
32. The diabetes control and complications trial research group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1993 Sep 30 [cited 2014 Jul 22];329(14):977–86. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8366922
33. Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2014 Jan [cited 2015 Jan 2];37 Suppl 1(October
2013):S14–80. Available from: http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hlen&btnG=Search&q=intitle:Standards+of+medical+care+in+diabetes--2014.#0
34. Freckmann G, Schmid C, Baumstark A, Pleus S, Link M, Haug C. System accuracy evaluation of 43 blood glucose monitoring systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose according to DIN EN ISO 15197. J Diabetes Sci Technol [Internet]. 2012 Sep [cited 2014 Sep 29];6(5):1060–75. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3570840&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
35. Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2013. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2015 Jan 2];36 Suppl 1(October
2012):S11–66. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3537269/
36. Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, Apovian CM, Clark NG, Franz MJ, et al. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31 Suppl 1:S61–78.
37. Slama G, Klein JC, Delage A, Ardila E, Lemaignen H, Papoz L, et al. Correlation between the nature and amount of carbohydrate in meal intake and insulin delivery by the artificial pancreas in 24 insulin-dependent diabet ics. Diabetes. 1981 Feb;30(2):101–5.
38. Halfon P, Belkhadir J, Slama G. Correlation between amount of carbohydrate in mixed meals and insulin delivery by artificial pancreas in seven IDDM subjects. Diabetes Care. 1989 Jun;12(6):427–9.
39. Gillespie SJ, Kulkarni KD, Daly AE. Using carbohydrate counting in diabetes clinical practice. J Am Diet Assoc. 1998 Aug;98(8):897–905.
40. Walsh J, Roberts R. Pumping Insulin: Everything You Need for Success on an Insulin Pump. 5th ed. San Diego, CA: Torrey Pines Press; 2013. Torrey Pines Press; 5 edition; 2012.
41. Grunberger G, Abelseth JM, Bailey TS, Bode BW, Handelsman Y, Hellman R, et al. Consensus statement by the american association of clinical endocrinologists/american college of endocrinology insulin pump management task force. Endocr Pract. 2014 May;20(5):463–89.
42. White RD. Insulin pump therapy (continuous subcutaneous insulin inf sion). Prim Care. 2007 Dec;34(4):845–71, vii.
43. Singh S, Ahmad F, Lal A, Yu C. Efficacy and safety of insulin analogues for the management of diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Can Med … [Inter- net]. 2009 [cited 2014 Nov 18];180(4):385–97. Available from: http:// www.cmaj.ca/content/180/4/385.short
44. Rys P, Pankiewicz O, ?ach K, Kwaskowski a, Skrzekowska-Baran I, Malecki MT. Efficacy and safety comparison of rapid-acting insulin aspart and regular human insulin in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab [Internet]. Elsevier Masson SAS; 2011 Jun [cited 2014 Nov 18];37(3):190–200. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21333580
45. Szypowska A, Golicki D, Groele L, Pa?kowska E. Long-acting insulin analogue detemir compared with NPH insulin in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pol Arch Med Wewn?trznej [Internet]. [cited 2014 Nov 18];121(7-8):237–46. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/21878861
46. Colombia. Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Colciencias. Guía de práctica clínica: Detección temprana y diagnóstico del episodio depresivo y trastorno depresivo recurrente en adultos. Atención integral de los adultos con diagnóstico de episodio depresivo o trastorno depresivo recurrente. Bogotá 2013 [cited 2014 Dec 3]; Available from: http://gpc. minsalud.gov.co/Documents/Guias-PDF-Recursos/Depresion/GPC_Com- ple_Depre.pdf
47. Korczak DJ, Pereira S, Koulajian K, Matejcek A, Giacca A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus and major depressive disorder: evidence for a biological link. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2011 Oct [cited 2014 Dec 5];54(10):2483–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21789690
48. Katon WJ. Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. Biol Psy- chiatry [Internet]. 2003 Aug [cited 2014 Nov 25];54(3):216–26. Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006322303002737
49. Gonzalez JS, Safren SA, Cagliero E, Wexler DJ, Delahanty L, Wittenberg E, et al. Depression, self-care, and medication adherence in type 2 diabetes: relationships across the full range of symptom severity. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2007 Sep [cited 2014 Dec 3];30(9):2222–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17536067
50. Holt RIG, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM. Key concepts in screening for depression in people with diabetes. J Affect Disord [Internet]. Elsevier B.V.; 2012
Oct [cited 2014 Dec 3];142 Suppl:S72–9. Available from: http://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23062860
51. Roy T, Lloyd CE, Pouwer F, Holt RIG, Sartorius N. Screening tools used for measuring depression among people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabet Med [Internet]. 2012 Feb [cited 2014 Nov 21];29(2):164–75. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21824180
52. Daneman D, Nakhla M. Moving on: transition of teens with type 1 diabetes to adult care. Diabetes Spectr [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2014 Dec 11]; Avail- able from: http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/1/14.short
53. Hanna KM, Woodward J. The transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care services. Clin Nurse Spec [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014 Dec
11];27(3):132–45. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3667405&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
54. Wentholt IME, Hoekstra JBL, Devries JH. Continuous glucose monitors: the long-awaited watch dogs? Diabetes Technol Ther [Internet]. 2007 Oct [cited 2014 Nov 14];9(5):399–409. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/17931048
55. Klonoff DC. Continuous glucose monitoring: roadmap for 21st century diabetes therapy. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2005 May [cited 2014
Nov 15];28(5):1231–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15855600
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