Keywords
covid-19
pandemic
Adrenal cortex hormones
pandemic
Adrenal cortex hormones
How to Cite
Pinzón-Tovar, A., & Castellanos-Bueno, R. (2020). COVID-19, adrenal function, and corticosteroids. Revista Colombiana De Endocrinología, Diabetes &Amp; Metabolismo, 7(2S), 109–112. https://doi.org/10.53853/encr.7.2S.595
Abstract
SARS-nCoV-2 pandemic raised many questions about its effect on multiples systems. Data has been taken from previous Coronavirus infections, observational epidemiological studies and explanations that demonstrate biological plausibility. The commitment that the SARS-nCoV-2 virus produces does not escape the field of endocrinology and in this document the relationship that exists between adrenal function, its response to infectious processes and the use of corticosteroids in COVID-19 is recorded.
References
1. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.
2. Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 – COVID-19. Preprints. 2020;2020030001. doi: 10.20944/ preprints202003.0001.v1.
3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
4. Guerrero J. Para entender la acción del cortisol en inflamación aguda: una mirada desde la glándula suprarrenal hasta la célula blanco. Rev Med Chile. 2017;145(2):230-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872017000200011.
5. Casanueva F, Ghigo E. Hypothalamic Pituitary Diseases. Springer Nature; 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44444-4.
6. Melmed S. The Pituitary. 3.a edición. Academic Press; 2010.
7. Slominski RM, Tuckey RC, Manna PR, Jetten AM, Postlethwaite A, Raman C, et al. Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Genes Immun. 2020. doi. 10.1038/ s41435-020-0096-6.
8. Ahmet A, Kim H, Spier S. Adrenal suppression: A practical guide to screening and management of this under-recognized complication of inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Inmunol. 2011;7(1):13. doi: 10.1186/1710-1492-7-13.
9. Venkatesh B, Imeson L, Kruger P, Cohen J, Jones M, Bellomo R, et al. Elevate plasma – free cortisol concentrations and ratios are associated with increased mortality even in the presence of statin therapy in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(3):630-5. doi: 10.1097/ CCM.0000000000000750.
10. Marik PE. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Chest. 2009;135(1):181-93. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-1149.
11. Chen HS, Tsai WP, Leu HS, Ho H, Liou L. Invasive fungal infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of 15 cases and a literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(3):539-44. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ kel343.
12. Klein NC, Go Ch, Cunha BA. Infections associated with steroid use. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2001;15(2):423-32, vii. doi: 10.1016/s0891- 5520(05)70154-9.
13. Van Everdingen AA, Jacobs JW, Siewertsz DR, Bijlsma JW. Low-dose prednisone therapy for patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis: clinical efficacy, disease-modifying properties, and side effects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(1):1- 12. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-1-200201010-00006.
14. Cutolo M, Seriolo B, Pizzorni C, Secchi ME, Soldano S, Paolino S, et al. Use of glucocorticoids and risk of infections. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8(2):153-5. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.010.
15. World Health Organization. Clinical of Management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance [Internet]. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330893.
16. Rusell C, Millar JE, Baillie K. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):473-5. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2.
17. Shang L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Du R, Cao B. On the use of corticosteroids for 2019- nCoV pneumonia. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):683-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30361-5.
18. Chen RC, Tang XP, Tan SY, Liang BL, Wan ZY, Fang JQ, et al. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with glucosteroids: the Guangzhou experience. Chest. 2006;129(6):1414-52. doi: 10.1378/chest.129.6.1441.
19. Saavedra Trujillo CH. Consenso colombiano de atención, diagnóstico y manejo de la infección por SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 en establecimientos de atención de la salud. Recomendaciones basadas en consenso de expertos e informadas en la evidencia. Infectio. 2020;24(3):1-153. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22354/in.v24i3.851.
20. Scaroni C, Armigliato M, Cannavo S. COVID-19 outbreak and steroids administration: are patients treated for Sars-Cov-2 at risk of adrenal insufficiency? J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;1-2. doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01253-1.
21. Mebrahtu TF, Morgan AW, Kelley A, Baxter PD, Stewart PM, Pujades-Rodriguez M. Dose dependency of iatrogenic glucocorticoid excess and adrenal insufficiency and mortality: a cohort study in England. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(9):3757-3767. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00153.
22. Puig-Domingo M, Marazuela M, Giustina A. COVID-19 and endocrine disease: A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. Endocrine. 2020;69(1):2-5. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5.
23. Alextlc.org. COVID-19 :New UK steroid guidance issued. Advice for patients who take replacement steroids (hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone or plenadren) for pituitary/adrenal insufficiency [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.alextlc.org/covid-19-new-uk-steroid-guidance-issued/.
24. Kaiser U, Mirmira RG, Stewart P. Our response to COVID-19 as Endocrinologist and Diabetologist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(5):dgaa148. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa148.
25. Bancos I, Hazeldine J, Chortis V, Hampson P, Taylor AE, Lord JM, et al. Primary adrenal insufficiency is associated with impaired natural killer cell function: a potential link to increased mortality. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176(4):471-80. doi: 10.1530/EJE-16-0969.
2. Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Sircar S, Bhat S, Malik YS, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 – COVID-19. Preprints. 2020;2020030001. doi: 10.20944/ preprints202003.0001.v1.
3. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
4. Guerrero J. Para entender la acción del cortisol en inflamación aguda: una mirada desde la glándula suprarrenal hasta la célula blanco. Rev Med Chile. 2017;145(2):230-9. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872017000200011.
5. Casanueva F, Ghigo E. Hypothalamic Pituitary Diseases. Springer Nature; 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44444-4.
6. Melmed S. The Pituitary. 3.a edición. Academic Press; 2010.
7. Slominski RM, Tuckey RC, Manna PR, Jetten AM, Postlethwaite A, Raman C, et al. Extra-adrenal glucocorticoid biosynthesis: implications for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Genes Immun. 2020. doi. 10.1038/ s41435-020-0096-6.
8. Ahmet A, Kim H, Spier S. Adrenal suppression: A practical guide to screening and management of this under-recognized complication of inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Allergy Asthma Clin Inmunol. 2011;7(1):13. doi: 10.1186/1710-1492-7-13.
9. Venkatesh B, Imeson L, Kruger P, Cohen J, Jones M, Bellomo R, et al. Elevate plasma – free cortisol concentrations and ratios are associated with increased mortality even in the presence of statin therapy in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2015;43(3):630-5. doi: 10.1097/ CCM.0000000000000750.
10. Marik PE. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Chest. 2009;135(1):181-93. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-1149.
11. Chen HS, Tsai WP, Leu HS, Ho H, Liou L. Invasive fungal infection in systemic lupus erythematosus: an analysis of 15 cases and a literature review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(3):539-44. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ kel343.
12. Klein NC, Go Ch, Cunha BA. Infections associated with steroid use. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2001;15(2):423-32, vii. doi: 10.1016/s0891- 5520(05)70154-9.
13. Van Everdingen AA, Jacobs JW, Siewertsz DR, Bijlsma JW. Low-dose prednisone therapy for patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis: clinical efficacy, disease-modifying properties, and side effects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(1):1- 12. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-1-200201010-00006.
14. Cutolo M, Seriolo B, Pizzorni C, Secchi ME, Soldano S, Paolino S, et al. Use of glucocorticoids and risk of infections. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;8(2):153-5. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.010.
15. World Health Organization. Clinical of Management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance [Internet]. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330893.
16. Rusell C, Millar JE, Baillie K. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. The lancet. 2020;395(10223):473-5. doi: http://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30317-2.
17. Shang L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Du R, Cao B. On the use of corticosteroids for 2019- nCoV pneumonia. Lancet. 2020;395(10225):683-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30361-5.
18. Chen RC, Tang XP, Tan SY, Liang BL, Wan ZY, Fang JQ, et al. Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome with glucosteroids: the Guangzhou experience. Chest. 2006;129(6):1414-52. doi: 10.1378/chest.129.6.1441.
19. Saavedra Trujillo CH. Consenso colombiano de atención, diagnóstico y manejo de la infección por SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 en establecimientos de atención de la salud. Recomendaciones basadas en consenso de expertos e informadas en la evidencia. Infectio. 2020;24(3):1-153. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22354/in.v24i3.851.
20. Scaroni C, Armigliato M, Cannavo S. COVID-19 outbreak and steroids administration: are patients treated for Sars-Cov-2 at risk of adrenal insufficiency? J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;1-2. doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01253-1.
21. Mebrahtu TF, Morgan AW, Kelley A, Baxter PD, Stewart PM, Pujades-Rodriguez M. Dose dependency of iatrogenic glucocorticoid excess and adrenal insufficiency and mortality: a cohort study in England. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(9):3757-3767. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00153.
22. Puig-Domingo M, Marazuela M, Giustina A. COVID-19 and endocrine disease: A statement from the European Society of Endocrinology. Endocrine. 2020;69(1):2-5. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02294-5.
23. Alextlc.org. COVID-19 :New UK steroid guidance issued. Advice for patients who take replacement steroids (hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone or plenadren) for pituitary/adrenal insufficiency [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.alextlc.org/covid-19-new-uk-steroid-guidance-issued/.
24. Kaiser U, Mirmira RG, Stewart P. Our response to COVID-19 as Endocrinologist and Diabetologist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(5):dgaa148. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa148.
25. Bancos I, Hazeldine J, Chortis V, Hampson P, Taylor AE, Lord JM, et al. Primary adrenal insufficiency is associated with impaired natural killer cell function: a potential link to increased mortality. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176(4):471-80. doi: 10.1530/EJE-16-0969.
Authors must state that they reviewed, validated and approved the manuscript's publication. Moreover, they must sign a model release that should be sent. A copy may be reviewed here