Palabras clave
tejido adiposo
tejido adiposo blanco (TAB))
tejido adiposo pardo (TAP)
tejido adiposo blanco (TAB))
tejido adiposo pardo (TAP)
Cómo citar
Orrego M., A. (2017). Visita al renaciente, antes casi olvidado, tejido graso pardo. Revista Colombiana De Endocrinología, Diabetes &Amp; Metabolismo, 2(4), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.53853/encr.2.4.45
Resumen
El tejido adiposo juega un papel central en la nutrición, el balance energético y la salud en los humanos. Existen dos tipos de tejido adiposo: el blanco (TAB) y el pardo (TAP). El TAB conserva la energía, mientras que el TAP la utiliza.
El exceso de nutrición y la inactividad física dan origen a un incremento del TAB y a la obesidad. En cambio el TAP es termogénico, debido a una proteína única desacopladora (UCP1).
Esta proteína localizada en la parte interna de la membrana mitocondrial desacopla la respiración mitocondrial, produciendo tanto energía como calor. Esta propiedad esencial protege a los animales de la hipotermia.
La creencia tradicional de que el TAP sólo existe en infantes y no en adultos retrasó la investigación en humanos. Pero el descubrimiento de que la grasa del adulto presentaba una alta actividad metabólica como lo demostraba la tomografía por emisión de positrones (TEP) hizo que los investigadores se interesaran nuevamente en el TAP y que se reiniciara la investigación sobre este tejido, su identificación, la prevalencia, regulación, localización, abundancia y su importancia en el humano.
Citas
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2. Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:1059-1517.
3. Lee P, Greenfield JR, Ho KK, et al. A critical appraisal of the prevalence and metabolic significance of brown adipose tissue in adults humans. Am Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 200;299: E601- E 606.
4. Lee P, Zhas JT, Swarbrick MM, et al. High prevalence of brown adipose tissue in adults humans. J Clin En Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:2450-2455.
5. Virtaner KA, Lindell ME, Orava J, et al. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J MEd. 2009:360:1518-1525.
6. Zingaretti Mc, Crosta F,Vitali A, et al. The presence of UCP1 demostrates that active adipose tissue in the neck of adult humans truly represents brown adipose tissue. Faseb. 2009; 23: 3113-3120.
7. vanMarker Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW,Smulders NM, et al. Cold activated brown adipose in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009;360: 1500-1508.
8. Bouillaud F, Villarroya F, Hentz E, et al. Detection of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein mRNA in adults patients by a human genomic prole. Clin Sci(Lond) 1988; 75: 21-27.
9. Bouillaud F, Combes- George M, Ricquier D. Mitondria of adult human brown adipose tissue contains a 32.00.Mr uncoupling protein. Biosci Rep. 1983; 3: 775-780.
10. Hatai S. On the presence in human embroys of an interscapular gland corresponding to the so- called hibernating gland in the lower animals. Anatomischer Anzeiger. 1902; xxi: 369.
11. Bonnot E. The Interscapular gland. J Anat Physiol. 1908; 43:43-58.
12. Rasmussen A. The glandular status of brown multilocular adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 1922;6:760-770.
13. Smith RE, Hock RJ. Brown fat : thermogenic effector of arousal in hibernators. Science. 1963; 140: 199-200.
14. Dawkins MJ, Scopes JW. Non_ shiverning thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue in the human new- born infant. Nature. 1965;206:201-202.
15. Dawkins MJ, Hull D. Brown adipose tissue and the response of new-born rabbits to cold. J Physiol. 1964; 172:216-238.
16. Hull D. Th estructure and function of brown adipose tissue. Br Med Bull. 1966; 22: 92- 96.
17. Aherne W, Hull D. Brown adipose tissue and heat production in the new born infant. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1966;91:223-234.
18. Silverman WA;Zamelis A, Sinclair JC, et al. Warm nap of the newborn. Pediatrics. 1964;33:984-987.
19. Lee p, Swarbrick MM, Ken K Y. HO. Brown adipose tissue in adults humans: A metabolic renaissance. Endocrine Review. 2013;34:413-438.
20. Smalley RL, Dryer RL. Brown fat : thermogenic effect during arousal from hibernation in the bat. Science. 1963;140:1333-1334.
21. Heaton JM. The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human. J Anat. 1972;122:35-39.
22. Himms- Hagen J. Obesity may be due to a malfunctioning of brown fat. Can Med Assoc J. 1979; 121: 1361-1364.
23. Do the lucky ones burn off their dietary excess? Lancet 1979;2: 115-116.
24. Elliot J. Blame It all on brown fat now. JAMA. 1980; 243: 1983-1985.
25. Lindley M. Nutrition and metabolism. Nature. 1980; 287:579-580.
26. Rothwell Nj, Stock MJ. Brown adipose tissue: does it play a role in the development of obesity? Diabetes Metab Rev. 1988;4: 595- 601.
27. Astrup A, Bulow J. Christensen NJ, et al. Ephedrine- induced thermogenesis in man: no role for interscapular brown adipose tissue. Clin Sci (Lond). 1984; 66: 179-186.
28. Himms-Hagen J. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and obesity. Prog Lipid Res. 1989; 28: 67-115.
29. Ravussin E, Kozak LP. Have we entered the brown adipose tissue renaissence? Obese Rev. 2009;10: 265-268.
30. Gesta S, Tseng YH, Kahn CR.Developmental origen of fat: tracking obesity to its source. Cell. 2007;131:242-256.
31. Rousseau V, Becker DJ, Ongemba LN, et al. Developmental and nutritional changes of ob and PPAR? 2 gene expressions in rat white adipose peroxisone tissue. Biochem J. 1997;321:451-456.
32. Braissant O, Wahli W. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-?,-? and -? during rat embrionic development. Endocrinology. 1998;139:2748-2754.
33. Hansen JB, Kristiansen K. Regulatory circuits controling White versus brown adipocyte differentiation. Biochem J. 2006; 398; 153- 168.
34. Rosen ED. MacDougald OA. Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Moll Cell Biol. 2006;7:885-896.
35. Néchad M, Kuusela P, Carneheim C, et al. Development of brown fat cells in monolayer culture. Morphological and biochemical distinction from White fat cells in culture. Exp Cell Res. 1983;149:105-118.
36. Hu E, Tontonoz P, Spiegelman BM. Transdifferentiation of mioblast by the adipogenic transcription factors PPAR? and C/EBP?. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1995;92:9856-9860.
37. Puigserver P, Wu Z, Park CW, et al. A cold imducible coactivador of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell. 1998;92:829-839.
38. Kleiner S, Mepani RJ,Laznik D, et al. Development of insulin resistance in mice lacking PGC-1? in adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:9635-9640.
39. Pardo R,Enguix N, Lasheras J, et al. Rosiglitazone- induced mitocondrial biogenesis in White adipose is independent of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor ? coactivator-1?. PLoS One. 2011;6: e 269 89.
40. Seale P, Kajimura S, Spiegelman BM. Transcriptional control of brown adipocyte development and physiological function: of mice and men.Genes Dev.2009;23:788-797.
2. Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:1059-1517.
3. Lee P, Greenfield JR, Ho KK, et al. A critical appraisal of the prevalence and metabolic significance of brown adipose tissue in adults humans. Am Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 200;299: E601- E 606.
4. Lee P, Zhas JT, Swarbrick MM, et al. High prevalence of brown adipose tissue in adults humans. J Clin En Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:2450-2455.
5. Virtaner KA, Lindell ME, Orava J, et al. Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults. N Engl J MEd. 2009:360:1518-1525.
6. Zingaretti Mc, Crosta F,Vitali A, et al. The presence of UCP1 demostrates that active adipose tissue in the neck of adult humans truly represents brown adipose tissue. Faseb. 2009; 23: 3113-3120.
7. vanMarker Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW,Smulders NM, et al. Cold activated brown adipose in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009;360: 1500-1508.
8. Bouillaud F, Villarroya F, Hentz E, et al. Detection of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein mRNA in adults patients by a human genomic prole. Clin Sci(Lond) 1988; 75: 21-27.
9. Bouillaud F, Combes- George M, Ricquier D. Mitondria of adult human brown adipose tissue contains a 32.00.Mr uncoupling protein. Biosci Rep. 1983; 3: 775-780.
10. Hatai S. On the presence in human embroys of an interscapular gland corresponding to the so- called hibernating gland in the lower animals. Anatomischer Anzeiger. 1902; xxi: 369.
11. Bonnot E. The Interscapular gland. J Anat Physiol. 1908; 43:43-58.
12. Rasmussen A. The glandular status of brown multilocular adipose tissue. Endocrinology. 1922;6:760-770.
13. Smith RE, Hock RJ. Brown fat : thermogenic effector of arousal in hibernators. Science. 1963; 140: 199-200.
14. Dawkins MJ, Scopes JW. Non_ shiverning thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue in the human new- born infant. Nature. 1965;206:201-202.
15. Dawkins MJ, Hull D. Brown adipose tissue and the response of new-born rabbits to cold. J Physiol. 1964; 172:216-238.
16. Hull D. Th estructure and function of brown adipose tissue. Br Med Bull. 1966; 22: 92- 96.
17. Aherne W, Hull D. Brown adipose tissue and heat production in the new born infant. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1966;91:223-234.
18. Silverman WA;Zamelis A, Sinclair JC, et al. Warm nap of the newborn. Pediatrics. 1964;33:984-987.
19. Lee p, Swarbrick MM, Ken K Y. HO. Brown adipose tissue in adults humans: A metabolic renaissance. Endocrine Review. 2013;34:413-438.
20. Smalley RL, Dryer RL. Brown fat : thermogenic effect during arousal from hibernation in the bat. Science. 1963;140:1333-1334.
21. Heaton JM. The distribution of brown adipose tissue in the human. J Anat. 1972;122:35-39.
22. Himms- Hagen J. Obesity may be due to a malfunctioning of brown fat. Can Med Assoc J. 1979; 121: 1361-1364.
23. Do the lucky ones burn off their dietary excess? Lancet 1979;2: 115-116.
24. Elliot J. Blame It all on brown fat now. JAMA. 1980; 243: 1983-1985.
25. Lindley M. Nutrition and metabolism. Nature. 1980; 287:579-580.
26. Rothwell Nj, Stock MJ. Brown adipose tissue: does it play a role in the development of obesity? Diabetes Metab Rev. 1988;4: 595- 601.
27. Astrup A, Bulow J. Christensen NJ, et al. Ephedrine- induced thermogenesis in man: no role for interscapular brown adipose tissue. Clin Sci (Lond). 1984; 66: 179-186.
28. Himms-Hagen J. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and obesity. Prog Lipid Res. 1989; 28: 67-115.
29. Ravussin E, Kozak LP. Have we entered the brown adipose tissue renaissence? Obese Rev. 2009;10: 265-268.
30. Gesta S, Tseng YH, Kahn CR.Developmental origen of fat: tracking obesity to its source. Cell. 2007;131:242-256.
31. Rousseau V, Becker DJ, Ongemba LN, et al. Developmental and nutritional changes of ob and PPAR? 2 gene expressions in rat white adipose peroxisone tissue. Biochem J. 1997;321:451-456.
32. Braissant O, Wahli W. Differential expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-?,-? and -? during rat embrionic development. Endocrinology. 1998;139:2748-2754.
33. Hansen JB, Kristiansen K. Regulatory circuits controling White versus brown adipocyte differentiation. Biochem J. 2006; 398; 153- 168.
34. Rosen ED. MacDougald OA. Adipocyte differentiation from the inside out. Nat Rev Moll Cell Biol. 2006;7:885-896.
35. Néchad M, Kuusela P, Carneheim C, et al. Development of brown fat cells in monolayer culture. Morphological and biochemical distinction from White fat cells in culture. Exp Cell Res. 1983;149:105-118.
36. Hu E, Tontonoz P, Spiegelman BM. Transdifferentiation of mioblast by the adipogenic transcription factors PPAR? and C/EBP?. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1995;92:9856-9860.
37. Puigserver P, Wu Z, Park CW, et al. A cold imducible coactivador of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell. 1998;92:829-839.
38. Kleiner S, Mepani RJ,Laznik D, et al. Development of insulin resistance in mice lacking PGC-1? in adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109:9635-9640.
39. Pardo R,Enguix N, Lasheras J, et al. Rosiglitazone- induced mitocondrial biogenesis in White adipose is independent of peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor ? coactivator-1?. PLoS One. 2011;6: e 269 89.
40. Seale P, Kajimura S, Spiegelman BM. Transcriptional control of brown adipocyte development and physiological function: of mice and men.Genes Dev.2009;23:788-797.
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